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THE REMNANT OF ISRAEL IN THE CHURCH
AGE:
Theological and Practical
Considerations for the Church
Part 1: The Remnant in Judaism and the Scriptures
Steven C. Ger, Th.M.,
Director
Sojourner Ministries
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Introduction
Although one is hard-pressed to even find the word “remnant” in the index
of many fine theologies, of dispensational orientation or otherwise, the
theology of remnant is crucial to a proper understanding of the
relationship between Jewish and Gentile believers. The concept of remnant
is studded throughout the Scripture, both Old and New Testaments, and has
direct bearing on no less imposing a subject than the very faithfulness of
God.
Definition of Main Terms
Remnant:
The concept of remnant can be Biblically defined as that continuous
portion, be it large or small, of the community of ethnic Israel which has
been supernaturally preserved and redeemed through various divine
judgments[1] throughout various dispensations. This preservation is on
account of God’s sovereign choice, or election, and not by virtue of human
effort. Although not selected for salvation on the basis of merit, the
remnant does, however, necessarily exhibit faith in the object of God’s
provision and will receive ample future divine blessing.[2] Those Jews who
exhibit saving faith are called the remnant of Israel and are a continuous
and distinct subset within the nation (see
figure 1).
Jew:
Jewishness is defined Biblically as being a member of the nation of
Israel, i.e., a physical descendent of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. If one is
a physical descendent of these three patriarchs, then he is irrevocably
Jewish. One’s particular religion has no bearing on Jewishness; one can
believe or not believe anything and that would not change Jewish status.
Biblically, Jewishness is a matter of birth not faith, genealogy not
theology, blood not beliefs.
Israel:
Israel is defined as the nation of ethnic Jews, descendants of Abraham,
Isaac and Jacob, chosen for eternity as a particular people by God at
Sinai. If one is a physical descendant of these three patriarchs, then by
Biblical definition he is irrevocably part of the nation of Israel.
The Remnant in Relation to Judaism
According to the Encyclopedia Judaica,[3] there is within Judaism a
parallel theological concept of “remnant of Israel” (shearith Israel)
which denotes the belief that a faithful remnant would survive whatever
divine catastrophic judgments were brought upon the community because of
its disobedience. Shearith Israel is a popular name for synagogues, and a
daily prayer is said for God to guard and protect this remnant of Israel.
Seemingly every zealous sect throughout the history of Israel, often
simultaneously and competitively, has seen or views itself today as the
righteous remnant, true Israel. The Essenes of Qumran considered
themselves the true remnant, as did their contemporaries, the Pharisees,
and as do the varying sects within Orthodox and Chasidic Judaism today.
The Theme of Remnant in the Old Testament
The theology of remnant is strewn throughout both testaments and is an
essential yet often overlooked aspect of God’s program for Jew and Gentile
in every dispensation, but particularly in this present age. It can be
maintained that from the very beginning of His relationship with His
creation, the Lord’s activity is primarily devoted to the salvation and
sustenance of a series of preserved remnants from various faithless and
disobedient segments of humanity who have undergone various cataclysmic
judgments and disasters. God has always chosen to save and primarily work
with remnants. The pattern of God’s choice from the general to the
particular is played out repeatedly in Scripture.
* Noah – Noah’s family was a faithful remnant supernaturally preserved
through a divine cataclysm on the basis of divine grace (Gen. 7:23).
* Abraham – From out of all the nations God sovereignly and graciously
chose Abraham with whom to make an unprecedented covenant (Gen. 12:1-3).
* Lot – Lot’s family was a faithful remnant supernaturally preserved
through a divine cataclysm on the basis of divine grace (Gen. 19:29).
* Isaac – Abraham had two sons, but only one was sovereignly and
graciously chosen as a child of promise (Gen. 17:19).
* Jacob – Isaac had twin sons, but only one was sovereignly and graciously
chosen as a child of promise (Gen. 28:13-15).
* Joseph – Joseph was sovereignly and graciously chosen in order to save
the family of Israel from disaster (Gen. 45:7).
* A remnant of Israel was sovereignly preserved from divine judgment
following the young nation’s apostasy at Sinai (Ex. 32).
* Caleb and Joshua were the only members of the Exodus generation to enter
the land of promise, following divine judgment (Num. 14:38).
* Moses prophesies to Israel that when following eventual divine judgment,
a remnant will be sovereignly and graciously preserved and will return to
the land (Deut. 30:1-10).
* Elijah was reminded that the Lord had sovereignly and graciously
preserved 7,000 Israelites who had not apostasized (1 Kings 19:18).
* Upon the divine judgment of Assyrian conquest of Israel, the Lord sovereignly and graciously preserved a remnant from the northern tribes
(Ezek. 37:19).
* Upon the divine judgment of Babylonian exile, the Lord sovereignly and
graciously preserved a remnant from the southern tribes and oversaw their
return to their land (Zech. 8:5).
* God has sovereignly and graciously called a remnant from Israel to
receive salvation through the Messiah (Rom. 11:5).
* God has sovereignly and graciously called a remnant from the nations as
His people to receive salvation through the Messiah (Acts 15:14).
* Upon the divine judgment of the Roman dispersion, the Lord sovereignly
and graciously preserved a remnant of Jews.
* During the divine cataclysmic judgment of the Tribulation, the Lord will sovereignly and graciously preserve a remnant (Rev. 7:4).
Ray Pritz has provided a cogent analysis of the Old Testament remnant of
Israel concept in relation to the Messiah[4]. He sees a remnant cycle
consisting of divine judgment and the interweaving of divine preservation
of the remnant with the coming divine agent, the Messiah. This connection
can most clearly be seen throughout the prophet Isaiah, particularly in
the section known as the “Book of Immanuel” (Isaiah 7-12), as well as
several other prophetic passages (Jer. 23:3-6, Micah 4-5 et al.). In this
remnant cycle, judgment is sovereignly determined on account of Israel’s
disobedience, yet the promise of sovereign intervention and eventual
restoration on behalf of a faithful remnant within Israel provides hope.
While it is the faithful of Israel whom God chooses to include within the
preserved remnant, their faithfulness results from God’s gracious choice.
God’s choice of the remnant generally has wider repercussions and benefits
for the unbelieving remainder of the nation. The Bible indicates that it
is on behalf of the remnant that God preserves the nation of Israel (Is.
65:8). It may even be argued that in addition to the sovereign outworking
of His prophetic plan, one reason Israel has been restored and preserved
in this century as a nation state is for the sake of the righteous remnant
of Jewish believers enjoying the privilege of residing there.
The Theme of Remnant in the New Testament
The great theme of remnant in the Hebrew Scripture finds specific
reference within the New Testament. Although the actual word for remnant,
leimma, only appears twice (Rom 9:27; 11:5), the New Testament is
replete with inferences to the concept of God’s gracious preservation of a
remnant of Israel.
The concept of the remnant of Israel first surfaces prominently within the
teaching of John the Baptist (Matt. 3:9) where he indicates that simply
being the physical seed of Abraham, ethnic Israel, is insufficient for
personal salvation. Faith and repentance are also necessary ingredients.
This theme is further developed by Paul in Romans 2:28-29. He indicates
that there is a subset of Israel within the nation of Israel. He goes on
to indicate that, in fact, although the nation in its entirety is
obviously and intrinsically the physical seed of Abraham, in other words,
Jewish, not every individual Jew is considered by God to be the authentic
spiritual seed of Abraham as well.
This is not to say that Paul is indicating that believing Gentiles are
some sort of “true Israel.” This concept is never indicated in Scripture.
Believing Gentiles are only the spiritual seed of Abraham, not the
physical seed as well. Paul is describing a purely Jewish phenomenon
within the nation of Israel. He is contrasting Jews who believe and Jews
who do not believe. He is saying that there is a subset of true Israel
within the whole of Israel. As Zaretsky notes, “Each individual Israelite
needed faith to participate in God’s blessing. Physical birth alone could
provide only biological life.”[5] Not every Jew is a member of the remnant
of Israel. Paul is setting up the argument which he will further develop
in Romans 11, that Jewish believers in Jesus comprise the current remnant
of Israel.
In Romans 3:1-3, Paul asks two “teaser” questions which he will answer in
Romans 9-11. He asks and partially answers, completely in the affirmative,
whether in this present age there is any advantage to being Jewish. He
says there are many advantages, but only lists one, that of being
entrusted with the transmission of God’s revelation. The remainder of the
list of advantages await chapter 9. The second “teaser” question Paul
poses is whether the faithfulness of God is invalidated by Jewish unbelief
in Jesus. The answer to this question awaits his exposition in chapters
9-11.
In the first 5 verses of Romans 9, Paul continues to answer the question
posed in 3:1-3; specifically, what are current privileges of Israel’s
national election? Paul has already answered that there are many
privileges, but has only listed one. Now he enumerates them. In addition
to being the channels of God’s revelation, the Jews are the national,
firstborn son of God; witnesses of the manifest glory of God in the
Temple; recipients of four unconditional covenants, which, among other
blessings, grant perpetual title to the land of Israel; recipients of one
conditional covenant, the Torah; a kingdom of God’s priests; recipients of
divine messianic and national kingdom promises; possessors of a rich
genealogical pedigree which courses back to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; and
the well-spring of the Messiah Himself.
Yet with all these ongoing privileges, the majority of Jews did not
respond. This might seem peculiar for those less familiar with Israel’s
history. Paul calls the unbelieving Jewish people his family (9:3) and
expresses anguish at their state of unbelief (1-2). Yet Jewish unbelief
should not be entirely unexpected. Paul again takes up the continued
potency of God’s faithfulness by teaching that it is unnecessary for every
individual Jew to believe, because God has called to Himself a remnant
from within Israel by His sovereign and gracious choice. He returns to the
point he made in chapter 2:28-29, that physical descent from Abraham is
insufficient. Physical and spiritual descent are both necessary for
membership in true, authentic Israel (9:6-7).
Following an illustration of the insufficiency of physical descent from
Abraham alone by citing the choice of Isaac over Ishmael and Jacob over
Esau (9:7-13), it is in verse 9:27, quoting the prophet Isaiah (10:22),
that Paul uses for the first time that to which his exposition on Israel
had been leading, the word, remnant, thereby linking his teaching with the
Old Testament’s theology of remnant.
Romans 11 provides the climax of Paul’s explanatory argument of proving
the faithfulness of God to Israel via the preservation of a remnant. Paul
is careful to refer to national Israel as God’s people (Rom. 11:1-2). He
asks whether God has rejected His people, Israel. The question is phrased
in such a grammatical fashion as to illicit an immediate emphatic negative
answer. A response such as, “Are you kidding? No way!!! Israel, even
unbelieving Israel, remains God’s chosen people. Do I stutter? For I
myself, an Israelite, am exhibit A.”
In all, Paul provides four temporal reasons why Israel as a nation has not
been divinely rejected: one timeless reason, as well as one reason each
from past and present experience and future expectation.
* The timeless reason is God’s previous election of national Israel. God’s
sovereign foreknowledge, by definition, sustains His choices (Rom. 11:2).
* The reason from the present is the salvation of Paul himself (Rom.
11:1). If God had rejected Israel, what was he, with a less than stellar
track record regarding the church, doing here* “If there is even one
faithful Israelite, then God can be said to be faithful to his
promises.”[6]
* The reason from the past is that God has always worked with a remnant of
Israel. Paul builds this case on the example of Elijah (1 Kings 19:18).
Jewish believers are simply the latest manifestation of this phenomenon.
There is intensive continuity between consecutive remnant stages
throughout the history of Israel. There is always a faithful remnant of
Israel, large or small, majority or minority, to sustain the nation (Rom.
11:3-4).
* The reason from the future is that Paul’s high expectation of Jewish
response to the gospel through the Gentiles indicates that God is still
actively working with Israel (Rom. 11:11-15).
Paul uses the olive tree (see
figure 2) to magnificently illustrate his
point (Rom 11:16-24). The tree itself should be identified as the
traditional dispensational “place of blessing”, or better, “God’s
household” (Eph. 2:19), or better still, if clumsier, “a saving
program…based on Israel’s covenants.”[7] The roots which nourish the tree
are the unconditional covenants given to Israel, prominently, the Abrahamic Covenant from which the other covenants flow. There are three
types of branches, two of which are natural, one of which is unnatural.
The natural branches both represent ethnic Israel, one branch of which is
the believing remnant, the other, the unbelieving majority. The
unbelieving Jewish branches are broken off (see
figure 3).
The believing
Jewish branches remain. Unnatural branches, representing believing
Gentiles, are grafted into the tree, God’s place of blessing, His
covenantal saving program. The believing Jewish and Gentile branches
adhere to the tree by means of faith in Messiah.
He warns the Gentile branches not to boast against the Jewish branches
that were cut off through their unbelief. Those branches are currently
being “stored in water,” kept moist for sovereign reinclusion at a later
date (see figure 4).
The tree is certainly roomy enough for every branch.
It needn’t be stressed that recently engrafted Gentile branches need only
look across the tree to see the mighty, ancient Jewish branches of the
remnant which for millennia have been developing on the tree, original
recipients of the rich covenantal nourishment.
Paul provides the reason for the unnatural branches’ recent inclusion in
the tree. Gentiles have been saved in order to provoke unbelieving Jews to
jealousy (Rom. 11:11-15). God’s cycle of evangelism is here laid out: Jews
stumble in unbelief, therefore Gentiles respond to God, Gentiles provoke
Jews, therefore Jews respond to God. A win/win situation is created, and
God’s faithfulness to His covenant people is vindicated before the cosmos.
The olive tree of Rom. 11:16-24 is the most detailed functional
illustration in Scripture of the relationship of the Church to Israel and
Gentile believers to Jewish believers.
Ephesians 3:6 (also 2:11-19) explains that one of the mysteries of the
church is that believing Gentiles are co-heirs and co-participants with
believing Israel (the remnant) of the Abrahamic Covenant’s spiritual
blessings. These blessings are relationship with God, salvation through
Messiah and union with Him through the Spirit. Paul is sharing that
believing Gentiles have been raised to the spiritual status of believing
Israel and now share in many (but not all) of their privileges. Together,
believing Jews and believing Gentiles are members of a newly created
community which transcends yet does not eradicate their national or
historical distinctions, nor their social and sexual distinctions (Gal.
3:28).
Paul’s theology of remnant is seen again in Galatians 6:15-16. After again
noting that the church is mysteriously a new creation of God composed of
believing ethnic Jews and Gentiles (see also Eph. 2:15), he then contrasts
the Jewish remnant with the Gentile believers by referring to the former as
the “Israel of God.” This is the only such specific reference in
Scripture, but is, as has been seen, far from the sole reference to the
remnant concept.
Together, Rom. 11, Eph. 2:11-19, 3:6, Gal. 3:28, 6:15-16 demonstrate that
Paul views the maintenance of separate cultural identities as essential to
proving the supernaturally unifying nature of Christ’s work.
* This study will conclude in our next Shofar with a
look at
theological reconsiderations in light of the above. *
Figure 1 (above)
return to text
Figure 2 (above)
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Figure 3 (above)
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Figure 4 (above)
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[1] Meyer, Lester V. “Remnant.” Anchor Bible Dictionary. vol. 5: p670
[2] Schrenk, G. “Leimma.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Ed.
Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. one vol. ed. 1985
[3] “Remnant of Israel.” Encyclopedia Judaica. vol.14: p70
[4] Pritz, Ray A. “The Remnant of Israel and the Messiah.” Israel the Land
and the People. Ed. H. Wayne House. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1998. pp61-73
[5] Zaretsky, Tuvya. “Israel the People.” Israel the Land and the People.
Ed. H. Wayne House. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1998. p45
[6] Pritz p71
[7] Burns, J. Lanier. “The Future of Ethnic Israel in Romans 11.”
Dispensationalism, Israel and the Church. Eds. Craig A. Blaising and
Darrell L. Bock. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992. p207
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Reprinted by permission of Steven C.
Ger from
http://www.sojournerministries.org/resources/articles/the_remnant.htm
Thank you, Steven.
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